Retention of Novice Teachers who Migrate to Arizona to Begin their Dissertation

Retention of Novice Teachers who Migrate to Arizona to Begin their Teaching Careers - Dissertation Example Induction programs, which typically have several goals, are the most common support structure for new teachers (Killeavy, 2006). Among those goals are to instruct new teachers in the methods, culture, and background of the school or district; to increase student achievement, and; to help new teachers experience success in their first year (Breaux & Wong, 2003). Success of a first year teacher is commonly measured by both student academic success as well as the novice teacher’s desire to continue in the teaching profession (Strong, 2005). Unfortunately, attrition rates for teachers new to the profession continue to be high with as many as half of all new teachers leaving the profession within their first three years of teaching (Ingersoll & Smith, 2011; Greiner & Smith, 2006; Darling-Hammond, 2004). According to Rosenow (2005) as many as 10% of novice teachers in high-poverty schools fail to finish their first full year of teaching. While these numbers are alarming, alone they do not provide adequate insight into the factors that influence a novice teacher’s intent to stay or leave the profession. Factors influencing a teacher’s decision to leave the profession range from job stress to low pay to inadequate support (Reiman & Corbell, 2007). However, induction programs with strong support elements have shown promise in increasing retention rates of novice teachers (Corbell, Osborne, & Reiman, 2010; Hammer, 2005). American public schools are at a critical crossroads. In the next decade, it is estimated that an additional 200,000 teachers will be needed as a result of teacher retirements, increasing birthrates, and immigration, and the popularity of class-size reduction initiatives (Zumwalt & Craig, 2009; Graue & Rauscher, 2009). Compounding the problem is the fact that some states, like Arizona, fail to produce enough college graduates to fill the demand for new teachers (Berry, Fuller, & Williams, 2007). This has resulted in some school distr icts, particularly rural ones, recruiting and hiring teachers from other states resulting in novice teachers who migrate across state lines to begin their careers (Allen, 2005). Little is currently known about the factors that influence the intent to stay for the sub-population of novice teachers who migrate across state lines to begin their teaching careers. However, current research on new teacher retention suggest that induction programs with strong mentor, colleague, and administration support help to increase retention of novice teachers (Corbell, 2008). Statement of Problem Despite the efforts by administrators and policy makers to increase the retention of novice teachers, research consistently shows that between 30-50% of teachers leave the profession within their first three years (Ingersoll & Smith, 2011; Greiner & Smith, 2006; Darling-Hammond, 2004) Furthermore, Merkel (2004) describes the problem of new teacher attrition in Arizona as â€Å"chronic†. Many Arizona districts, particularly rural ones, experience the â€Å"revolving door† described by Ingersoll (2003) in which new teachers are hired, trained, and supported but not retained beyond their first few years. Therefore, the purpose of this quantitative study will be to examine the factors that influence retention rates of novice teachers who migrate to Arizona from out of state to begin their careers. Significance of Study It is not known if novice teachers w

Impact of Heredity and the Environment on Child Behaviour

Impact of Heredity and the Environment on Child Behaviour Rachel Price Choose a specific area of psychology such as addictive behaviour, intelligence or personality traits. Evaluate the impact of heredity and the environment on this area.† There are a number of different approaches to psychology and each of these makes different suggestions about what aspects of psychology are worth studying and what underlying models or images can be developed to understand what people are like (Gross, 2009). These models or images then provide alternative views of psychology which can be used to explain the nature of a persons development, the causes of abnormality and the preferred methods of study and treatment (Gross, 2009). This assignment will look at how some of these different approaches to psychology can help to discuss the impact of heredity and the environment can have on childrens behaviour. Firstly, this discussion will consider from some perspectives why heredity might be considered to have a stronger influence on children’s behaviour than environment. It will do this with reference to temperament theories, twin studies and perspectives that children who are born pre term can have behavioural difficulties. Secondl y, it will explore how environment might be considered to influence children’s behaviour. It will do this with reference to social constructivist and social integrationist studies such as Bandura’s theory of social learning and studies of attachment and parenting style. In conclusion it will identify the key points of this argument and summarise them. Different theoretical perspectives on psychology include biological and cognitive approaches, behaviourism, constructivism, and social constructivism (Davy, 2012). Each of these takes a different standpoint on the relative influence of heredity and environment on the psychology of individuals. Behaviourism is a theory of learning which is based on the idea that all behaviours are learnt through conditioning, where conditioning occurs through peoples interactions with the environment (Davey, 2012), In contrast, the Biological approach (often referred to as biopsychology  or physiological psychology) studies psychological functioning by examining biological processes such as brain function, bio chemistry and hereditary (Davy,2012), Constructivist and Social constructivist approaches dismissed the view of scientific psychology where individuals can be studied in an objective manner when on their own in isolation and instead they attempt to identify how interactions can help construct knowledge(Davy, 2012).Davy (2012) suggests that the behaviour of children has been researched by psychologists from all perspectives, but with different emphasise. One theoretical perspective that support the suggestion hereditary might be considered to have a stronger influence on child’s behaviour is temperament theories. Goldsmith et al (1987) research suggests that although there are numerous theories on childrens temperament and behaviour, the majority agree that temperament refers to early appearing individual differences in behavioural tendencies that have a childs nature. Soon after birth children show a variation in behavioural dimensions that are considered to be temperamental such as attention/persistence, sociability etc (Goldsmith et al, 1987). Temperament theories suggest that such differences have a biological or constitutional foundation to a childs behaviour (Saudino, 2005). Another approach that offers suggestions that genetics play a part in a child’ s behaviour is the nativist approach, which use twin’s studies to support this suggestion. Twin studies that use parent ratings (most frequently used measure of temperament in infancy and childhood) offer suggestions of evidence of the genetic influences on a childs behaviour and temperament (Saudino, 2005). Cyphers, Phillips, Fulkner and Mrazek (1990) research on the temperament of twins during the transition from infancy to early childhood, which analysed data in which one twins scored was predicted from that of its co-twin, which as a result showed direct results that genetics and heritability had on the twins temperament. The results of the research showed that the predictions of the co twin’s behaviour were found to be correct in eight out of the nine temperament scales that were used in the research and supports the biological approach and a link between a childs genetics and their behaviour (Cyphers, Phillips, Fulkner and Mrazek, 1990). Research that uses twin s tudies to offer evidence of the link with a childs genetics and their behaviour consistently find that MZ twins are more similar in behaviour than DZ twins across a wide variety of temperament dimensions including emotionality, activity, shyness, sociability, attention/persistence, approach, adaptability, distress, positive affect and negative affect (Saudino, 2005). Saudino and Chemys (2001) research into parental ratings of temperament in twins also found that MZ twins showed similar behavioural styles.Bhutta, Cleves, Casey, Cradock and Anand (2002) research suggests that children who were born preterm are at risk for reduced cognitive test scores and their immaturity at birth is directly proportional to the mean cognitive scores at school age. Preterm-born children also show an increased incidence of ADHD and other behaviours (Bhutta, Cleves, Casey, Cradock and Anand, 2002). Evidence to demonstrate the influence of the environment on behaviour is provided by research on attachment Bowlbys attachment theory These attachment representations influence children’s cognitions, feelings, and behaviour in subsequent relationships and interactional settings; having an overall effect on the style in which an individual relates to others (Bowlby, 1982).Greenberg, Speltz, Deklyen, Endriga,(1991) suggest that in proportion there is a widespread number of insecure attachment in children with early-onset conduct problems ( conduct disorder is a psychological discord that is diagnosed in childhood and presents itself through a persistent or repetitive pattern of behaviour in which the basic rights of others and a lack of behaviour that relates to the childrens development and social skills) Insecure-disorganised attachment is common in conduct-problem samples (Green, Stanley, Peters, 2007) and shows a robust link with antisocial behaviour (Fearon, Bakermans-Kra nenburg,Van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, and Roisman, 2010). Disorganised attachment is marked by an absence of coherent strategies for attachment related resolution of distress, and often results in chaotic and bizarre child behaviour (Main Solomon, 1986).Parenting can have a significant and well established impact on the early childhood socialization process which includes childrens peer behaviour (Belsky 1984). Parenting during early childhood has been shown to have a significant impact on a childs social development, such as social engagement, cooperation and social competence (Landry, Smith, Swank, Guttentag, 2008). Parenting that is negative , hostile and unsupportive can be damaging for childrens social outcomes, hostility and un supportiveness in the parent child relationship are suggested to be associated with less social competence and an increase in social aggression in early and middle childhood (Brannigan et al., 2002).This suggestion supports the social learning theory which suggests that children who experience hostile exchange with their parents learn maladaptive social responses and that children may as a result respond disruptively in peer situations based on prior negative experiences with their parents (Russell, Pettit and Mize,1998).Disruptive peer behaviour during early childhood can restrict the development of social ability needed to help children develop later relationships with peers (Crick et al, 2006).Banduras social learning theory (1977) suggest that childrens behaviour is learnt from the environment through a process of observational learning. Children observe the people around them and the way they behave, which was shown by Banduras Bobo doll experiment that investigates if social behaviours can be learnt from observation and copying behaviour. The experiment suggests that children observe and then encode behaviour (Bandura, 1961). Children raised in institutions are known to be at great risk for developmental delays and disorders, w hich include mental health disorders (MacLean, 2003). Bos et al research Bucharest Early Intervention Project(2011) into psychiatric outcomes in young children with a history of institutionalization also offer suggestions that the environment can effect childrens behaviour. Young children with a history of being in institutional care often show poor attention, hyperactivity, difficulty with regulating emotions, elevated levels of anxiety and increased rates of attachment disorders (Ellis, Fisher and Zaharie,2004) They are also at increased risk for a quasi-autism syndrome, a pattern of features similar to autism(Rutter et al , 2007). The results of the research showed that children in the institutionalized group demonstrated significantly higher levels of emotionally withdrawn reactive attachment disorder (RAD) than children in the community comparison sample. Institutionalized children also scored significantly higher than the community sample on indiscriminately social/disinhibite d RAD. The differences in signs of both types of RAD were large and statistically significant Traditional behaviour-genetic models that make suggestions about childrens behaviour do not discuss the comparisons of the effects of differing environments on individuals who vary on genetically influenced characteristics. For example, in twin and adoption studies the degree of biological relatedness between individuals and not specific markers of genetically linked characteristics in the two individuals, is the primary focus, whereas variations in environments are rarely researched ( Collins, Maccoby, Steinberg, Hetherington and Bornstein ,2000).Elam et al (2014) research on adoptive parent hostility and children’s peer behaviour problems looked at 361 sets of adoptive children, and included research on adoptive mothers and fathers and the childrens biological mothers. The research looked at the links of birth mother low behavioural motivation and toddler low social motivation, as well as adoptive parent child hostility and childrens disruptive peer behaviour. The research s howed that birth mother low behavioural motivation was linked to a toddler’s low social motivation as well as adoptive mother/father hostility and a link between adoptive mother/father hostility resulting in reports of disruptive behaviour. Knafo, Israel, and Ebstein’s (2011) research on the joint contribution of genetics and the parenting environment to children’s prosocial development (Prosocial behaviours are those intended to help other people Eisenberg et al., 2006). The results of the twin study suggested the importance of both the environment and genetics in explaining individual differences. More in depth http://b2ess.nus.edu.sg/publications/knafo2011heritability.pdf http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/bul/128/3/490/ Conclusion approx 200 Reference List Bandura, A., Ross, D., Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through the imitation of aggressive models.Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-582 Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55, 83–96. Bhutta, A. T., Cleves, M. A., Casey, P. H., Cradock, M. M., Anand, K. J. S. (2002). Cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm: a meta-analysis. Jama, 288(6), 728-737. Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss. Vol. 1: Attachment (2nd edn). New York: Basic Books. Bos, K., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Drury, S. S., McLaughlin, K. A., Nelson, C. A. (2011). Psychiatric outcomes in young children with a history of institutionalization.Harvard review of psychiatry,19(1), 15-24. Collins, W. A., Maccoby, E. E., Steinberg, L., Hetherington, E. M., Bornstein, M. H. (2000). Contemporary research on parenting: the case for nature and nurture.American Psychologist,55(2), 218. Crick, N. R., Ostrov, J. M., Burr, J. E., Cullerton-Sen, C., Jansen-Yeh, E., Ralston, P (2006). A longitudinal study of relational and physical aggression in preschool. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology,27, 254 –268 Cyphers, L. H., Phillips, K., Fulker, D. W., Mrazek, D. A. (1990). Twin temperament during the transition from infancy to early childhood.Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry,29(3), 392-397. Davey, G, (2012). Complete Psychology. 2nd ed. London: Hodder Education. Elam, K. K., Harold, G. T., Neiderhiser, J. M., Reiss, D., Shaw, D. S., Natsuaki, M. N.,D,Gaysina, D.,Barrett Leve, L. D. (2014). Adoptive parent hostility and children’s peer behaviour problems: Examining the role of genetically informed child attributes on adoptive parent behaviour.Developmental psychology,50(5), 1543. Ellis, B.H., Fisher, P.A., Zaharie, S. Predictors of disruptive behavior, developmental delays, anxiety, and affective symptomatology among institutionally reared Romanian children.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004; 43:1283–1292. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Spinrad, T. (2006). Prosocial development. InN. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.) W. Damon R. M. Lerner (Series Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personalitydevelopment (6th ed., pp. 646–718). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Fearon, R.M.P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., VanIJzendoorn, M.H., Lapsley, A., Roisman, G.I. (2010). The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children’s externalizing behavior:A meta-analytic study. Child Development, 81, 435–456 Goldsmith, H.H.,Buss,A.H., Plomin, R.,Rothbart, M.K., Thomas, A.,Chess,S.,Hindle,R.A.,McCall,R.B., (1987). Roundtable: what is temperament? Four approaches.Child Development. 58 (1), pp.505-529 Green, J., Stanley, C., Peters, S. (2007). Disorganized attachment representation and atypical parenting in young school age children with externalizing disorder. Attachment and Human Development, 9, 207–222. Greenberg, M.T., Speltz, M.L., Deklyen, M., Endriga, M.C. (1991). Attachment security in preschoolers with and without externalizing behavior problems: A replication. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 413–430. Gross, R, (2009). Psychology The Science of Mind and Behaviour. 5th ed. London: Hodder Arnold add chapter Knafo, A., Israel, S., Ebstein, R. P. (2011). Heritability of childrens prosocial behaviour and differential susceptibility to parenting by variation in the dopamine receptor D4 gene.Development and psychopathology,23(01), 53-67. Landry, S. H., Smith, K. E., Swank, P. R., Guttentag, C. (2008). A responsive parenting intervention: The optimal timing across early childhood for impacting maternal behaviours and child outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1335–1353. MacLean K. The impact of institutionalization on child development.Dev Psychopathol. 2003; 15:853–884. Main, M., Solomon, J. (1986). Discovery of a new, insecure disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern. Affective development in infancy (pp. 95–124). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Russell, A., Pettit, G. S., Mize, J. (1998). Horizontal qualities in parent-child relationships: Parallels with and possible consequences for children’s peer relationships. Developmental Review, 18, 313–352. d Rutter, M., Kreppner, J., Croft, C., Murin, M., Colvert,E. ,Beckett,C., Castle,J.,Sonuga-Barke, E. Early adolescent outcomes of institutionally deprived and non-deprived. adoptees. III. Quasi-autism.J Child Psychol Psychiatry.2007; 48:1200–1207. Sakimura, J.N., Dang, M.T., Ballard, K.B., Hansen, R.L. Cognitive and temperament clusters in 3- to 5-year-old children with aggressive behaviour. J Sch Health. 2008; 78: 38-45 Saudino, K. J. (2005). Behavioral Genetics and Child Temperament.Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics: JDBP,26(3), 214–223. Saudino, K. J., Cherny, S. S. (2001). Parent ratings of temperament in twins. In R. N. Emde J. K. Hewitt (Eds.)The transition from infancy to early childhood: Genetic and environmental influences in the MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study(pp.73–88). New York: Oxford University Press Thomas, A. Chess, S. (1977).Temperament and Development.New York, NY: Bruner/Mazel. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1188235/

Justice in Platos The Republic Essay -- Philosophy Religion Essays

Justice in Plato's Republic        Ã‚   In Plato’s The Republic, he unravels the definition of justice.   Plato believed that a ruler could not be wholly just unless one was in a society that was also just. Plato did not believe in democracy, because it was democracy that killed Socrates, his beloved teacher who was a just man and a philosopher.   He believed in Guardians, or philosophers/rulers that ruled the state.   One must examine what it means for a state to be just and what it means for a person to be just to truly understand the meaning of justice.   According to Socrates, â€Å"†¦if we first tried to observe justice in some larger thing that possessed it, this would make it easier to observe in a single individual. We agreed that this larger thing is a city†¦(Plato 96).†Ã‚   It is evident, therefore, that the state and the ruler described in The Republic by Plato are clearly parallel to one another.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are three classes in the state and three parts of the mind in the ruler.   The three classes of the state are the rulers, the soldiers, and the craftsmen.   The three parts of the mind are the rational or reason part, the irrational appetitive part, and the spirited part.   The rational corresponds to the rulers, the appetitive corresponds to the craftsmen, and the spirited corresponds to the soldiers. Socrates then explains how the four virtues, wisdom, courage, moderation/self-control, and justice play the same roles in a person as in a state.   The rational part of the ruler is wise and therefore it should rule over the other parts of the mind.   Socrates questions, â€Å"†¦isn’t it appropriate for the rational part to rule, since it is really wise and exercises foresight on behalf of the whole soul†¦(Plato 98).†Ã‚   In th... ...l war between the three parts, a meddling and doing of another’s work, a rebellion by some part against the whole soul in order to rule it inappropriately (Plato 100).†Ã‚   Plato’s ideal ruler must have a good mind, always be truthful, have knowledge and discipline, and not be afraid of death.   In short, the ruler is a philosopher that satisfies the four virtues of wisdom, courage, moderation/self-control, and justice.   Plato, nonetheless neglects the fact that everyone sins and fails to mention it in the ideal state or ruler.   However, the state and ruler was made up mainly to better understand the meaning of justice and was not made up so that it might be practiced. Works Cited Marra, James L., Zelnick, Stephen C., and Mattson, Mark T.  Ã‚   IH 51 Source Book: Plato,   The Republic, pp. 77-106. Kendall/Hunt  Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa, 1998.      

The story focuses on Mrs. Wright. Mrs. Hale

1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The story focuses on Mrs. Wright. Mrs. Hale calls her by her maiden name, Minnie Foster. Mrs. Wright is considered as the primary suspect in the murder of her husband, John Wright. Although she barely spoke a word in the story, the actions and thoughts of the other characters were focused on Mrs.Wright and on her actions leading up to the murder. The story analyzes Mrs. Wright’s character and her possible involvement in the death of her husband. Everything the other characters do is meant to determine whether Mrs. Wright is guilty. Despite her absence from the scene, the story completely revolves around Mrs. Wright’s character.2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters are two distinct women. The only thing that they share is a conclusion regarding the guilty party in the murder of John Wright. Other than that, they are very different characters. For instance, Mrs. Hale is a farmer’s wife while Mrs. Peters is a sheriff’s wife.M rs. Hale knew Minnie Foster all her life while Mrs. Peters only saw her on the day that the murder was discovered. Furthermore, Mrs. Peters demonstrates more objectivity in her thinking. Mrs. Hale feels guilty for her failure to visit Minnie Foster and her failure to know that her neighbor was unhappy. It takes Mrs. Peters to convince her that she was not to blame for Minnie Foster’s actions. Mrs. Peters’ logical and objective thinking makes her a stronger character than Mrs. Hale.3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The two women did not voice out their conclusions simply because they wanted to protect Mrs. Wright. They did not want to implicate Mrs. Wright any further. Also, both women were uncertain whether they reached the correct conclusions. Glaspell showed both women knew who the murderer was through their actions.Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters were shown to share glances that showed that they were both thinking the same thing regarding the identity of the murderer. Furthermore, M rs. Hale attempted to hide the dead canary and Mrs. Peters did not do anything to stop her. This shows that they both knew who the murderer was and they wanted to hide possible evidence that will implicate the person any further.

Implementation of Porter Dimond Theory in Beximco

Report On â€Å"Implementation of Porter Diamond theory in Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd† Course Title: International Business Course Code:BUS-302 Semester: Fall’12 PREPARED FOR: Gouranga Chandra Debnath Senior LECTURER, Department of Business Administration FACULTY OF BUSINESS & ECONOMICS (DIU) PREPARED BY: Esteak Ahmed ID: 091-11-809 Contents Chapter 12 Introduction2 Background of the Report:2 1. 5 Overview of the Porter Diamond Theory:4 Chapter 26 2. 2 Firm Structure, Strategy, and Rivalry6 2. 3 Demand condition8 2. 4 Factors of Endowments: (both basic and advance)10 2. Related and supporting industry:12 2. 7 Overall analysis of the company position based on porter’s diamond:13 Log Frame:14 Chapter 316 Conclusion:16 3. 2 Recommendations16 3. 3 References:16 Chapter 1 In an attempt to master and perfect the trade system many research has been conducted and many theories has been proposed. International Trade Theory provides explanations for the pattern of interna tional trade and the distribution of the gains from trade. In an attempt to master and perfect the trade system many research has been conducted and many theories has been proposed.International Trade Theory provides explanations for the pattern of international trade and the distribution of the gains from trade. Introduction Background of the Report: For thousands of years humans are involved in trade and always tried to perfect this system. In an attempt to master and perfect the trade system many research has been conducted and many theories has been proposed. International trade theory provides explanations for the pattern of international trade and the distribution of the gains from trade.The theory convinces most economists of the benefits of liberal trade. But many non-economists oppose liberal trade. Opponents include some who may have encountered trade theory but nevertheless fall prey to fallacious reasoning. Porter diamond theory is an attempt of Professor Porter to expla in the apparent relationship of international trade and other components of a country. Apparently pharmaceutical sector is technologically the most developed manufacturing industries in Bangladesh and the third largest industry in terms of contribution to government’s revenue.Porter Diamond theory can be implemented to a company of this sector to understand the prospects, potentials, and problems of this sector. 1. 1 Purpose Of The Report: The purpose of the report is to implement the porter diamond theory in the Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd Company of Bangladesh and to understand the problems, prospects and potential of this company. 1. 3 Methodology: Secondary data are used to analyze the implementation of the Porter Diamond Theory. 1. 4 Objective of the study The objectives of this study are- * To find out whether all the element of Porter’s diamond are available in the company. To find out our company’s current condition in the market and also the opportuniti es and prospects. * Porter Diamond Theory is the result of an intensive research conducted by Michael Porter and his team on 100 industries of 10 nations. For Porter the essential task was to explain why a nation achieves international success in a particular industry. Pharmaceutical industry contributes the 1% of the total GDP of Bangladesh. Porter Diamond Theory is the result of an intensive research conducted by Michael Porter and his team on 100 industries of 10 nations.For Porter the essential task was to explain why a nation achieves international success in a particular industry. Pharmaceutical industry contributes the 1% of the total GDP of Bangladesh. To analyze the current situation of the rivals * To discuss the demand condition & customer base 1. 5 Overview of the Porter Diamond Theory: Porter Diamond Theory is a creation of Michael Porter of the Harvard Business School. In 1990 he published the result of an intensive research effort that attempted to determine why some nations succeed and other fail in international completions.Porter and his team looked at 100 industries of 10 nations. Like the work of new trade theorists, Porters work was driven by a belief that the existing theories of international theory told the half of the story. For Porter the essential task was to explain why a nation achieves international success in a particular industry. Porter argues that four broad attributes promote or impede the creation of competitive advantage. These attributes are: * Factor of Endowments * Demand Condition * Relating and Supportive Industries. * Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry.Porter maintains two additional variables that can influence international business: * Government * Chance 1. 6 Overview of the Pharmaceutical Industry in Bangladesh: Pharmaceutical sector is technologically the most developed manufacturing industries in Bangladesh and the third largest industry in terms of contribution to government’s revenue. The industry co ntributes about 1% of the total GDP. There are about 250 licensed pharmaceutical manufacturers in the country; however, currently a little over 100 companies are in operation.It is highly concentrated as top 20 companies produce 85% of the revenue. According to IMS, a US-based market research firm, the retail market size is estimated to be around BDT 84 billion as on 2011. Bangladesh pharmaceutical companied focus primarily on branded generic final formulations, mostly using imported APIs (Active Pharmaceuticals Ingredient). Branded generics are a category of drugs, including prescription products, that are either novel dosage forms of off-patent products produced by a manufacturer that is not the originator of the olecule, or a molecule copy of an off-patent product with a trade name. About 85% of the drugs sold in Bangladesh are generics and 15% are patented drugs – the structure differs significantly from the international market. Branded generic drugs represent about 25% years. The success of the pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh can be defined by the Porter Diamond Theory. Bangladesh manufactures about 450 generic drugs for 5,300 registered brands which have 8,300 different forms of dosages and strengths.These include a wide range of products from anti-ulcerates, flour quinolones, anti-rheumatic non-steroid drugs, non-narcotic analgesics, antihistamines, and oral anti-diabetic drugs. Some larger firms have also started producing anti-cancer and anti-retroviral drugs. Domestic manufacturers account for 97% of the drug sales in the local market while the remaining 3% are imported. This is a complete turnaround over from two/three decades back when imports are a complete turnaround over from two/three decades back when imports used to dominate the market.The imported drugs include essential live saving drugs and other high quality drugs. The ratio will further increase in favor of the local production as some of the big players are poised to manuf acture these high quality drugs in-house in the future. 1. 7 Overview of the Company: Beximco Pharmaceutical Limited (BPL) is one of the largest pharmaceuticals company in Bangladesh. Beximco Pharma was founded in 1976 and started operations in 1980, manufacturing products under the licenses of Bayer AG of Germany and Upjohn Inc. of USA.It has now grown to become a leading pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh, and it supplies more than 10% of country's total medicinal needs. Today Beximco Pharma manufactures and markets its own branded generics for several diseases including AIDS, cancer, asthma, hypertension, and diabetes for both national and international markets. The company owns and operates modern  pharmaceutical factories mainly in Bangladesh and also has a separate division to operate a modern chemical factory which produces and sells basic chemical products. It also has divisions to produce and sell agro vet and pesticide products.Chapter 2 2. 1 Implementation Of the Theo ry As we said before we studied our company based on Porter’s diamond which include four  internal factors which are- 1. Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry 2. Demand conditions 3. Factor Conditions (both basic and advance) 4. Related and Supporting Industries And two external factors which influence the factors mentioned above are- 1. Chance 2. Government 2. 2 Firm Structure, Strategy, and Rivalry Our Position in Bangladesh: In Bangladesh there are currently a total of 245 companies out of which 200 have operations in the country.The market is totally dominated by the local companies and there are only 5 multi-nationals currently operating. The 245 companies’ together have5300 brands registered in Bangladesh. Among this companies BPL is one of the leader  with almost 8. 4% of the market share. Company (BDT m)| Market Size| Growth in 2011| Market Share| | | | 2010| 2011| SPL Pharmaceuticals | 15,725. 8 | 20. 5% | 18. 7% | 19. 2% | Incepta Pharmaceuticals | 7,851. 5 | 28. 6% | 9. 3% | 9. 0% | Beximco Pharmaceuticals | 7,415. 0 | 30. 5% | 8. 8% | 8. 4% | Opsonin Pharma | 4,275. 4 | 27. 2% | 5. 1% | 4. % | Renata | 4,076. 8 | 26. 1% | 4. 9% | 4. 8% | Eskayef Bangladesh | 3,980. 3 | 18. 9% | 4. 7% | 4. 9% | ACI | 3,578. 2 | 24. 9% | 4. 3% | 4. 2% | Acme Pharmaceutical | 3,500. 7 | 13. 7% | 4. 2% | 4. 5% | Aristopharma | 3,412. 8 | 26. 3% | 4. 1% | 4. 0% | Drug International | 3,070. 2 | 18. 9% | 3. 7% | 3. 8% | Top 10 Companies | 56,886. 5 | 23. 6% | 67. 7% | 67. 7% | Top 20 Companies | 71,382. 5 | 24. 1% | 84. 9% | 84. 6% | Others Companies | 12,661. 6 | 20. 7% | 15. 1% | 15. 4%| Total Sector| 84,044. 1| 23. 6%| | | Source: World Bank Table 1: Major Players In the Market . 2(a) Company structure: BPL gives highest importance to the principles of Corporate Governance and its implementation within the organization. In BPL we follow some rules like: 1. All new recruits at BPL undergo a mandatory training on Company’s Code of Conduct. 2. Fr om the very inception, BPL like the other Strategic Business Units (SBU) of  the Group maintains and upholds HR policies that are consistent with the Labor  Laws of the country. 3. BPL Pharmaceuticals Ltd leads the Group in encouraging workers’ freedom of association and their right for collective bargaining. . The Company follows laws and encourages a work environment that welcomes diversity and fair treatment in the recruiting process and the workplace. 5. BPL encourages diversity and equal employment opportunity in the recruiting  process and the workplace. 6. The Company pursues policies that proactively address all forms of  discriminations in terms of minority, gender and cultural issues. 2. 2(b) Company strategy: For years our company’s strategy is to capture the maximum share through customer  satisfaction by quality product. In words we put our strategies in this way: 1.In BPL we value, above all, for top quality health care products at the least cos t reaching the lowest rungs of the economic class of people in the country. 2. We are obliged to our shareholders and strive for protection of their capital as well as ensure highest return and growth of their assets. 3. We try hard for best compensation to all the employees who constitute the back-  bone of the management and operational strength of the Company 4. BPL endeavor for best co-operation of the creditors ; debtors the banks ;financial institutions, the suppliers of raw material, the providers of utilities-  power, gas ; water etc. nd the customers 5. BPL fulfills her responsibility to the Government through payment of entire range of due taxes, duties, and claim to various public agencies. 6. We strive, as responsibilities citizen, for a social order devoid of malpractices, anti-environmental behaviors, unethical and corruptive dealings. 2. 2. b (1) Long term corporate vision: In order to meet increasing demand in the domestic as well as foreign markets, BPL has unde rtaken an ambitious expansion program to be completed in two phases. †¢The first phase, which is already under way, is expected to be completed by 2012at a total cost of BDT 3. billion. We anticipate a 25% cost overrun for a final cost of BDT 4. 5 billion. The first phase is expected to nearly double the current capacity. †¢The second phase will start in 2014, completing in 2017 for a total cost of BDT2. 0 billion (including an estimated cost overrun of 25%). We expect the expansion programs contributing to revenue growth after 2012. We made an assumption that the new plants will operate with an 85% efficiency and after the year  of completion, 25% of the capacity will come on line in each of the following four years. Second phase will also do the same. 2. 2. b(2) Financial condition:BPL Pharmaceuticals Ltd (BPL) is one of the two Public Limited Companies of the Group that is listed at the two stock exchanges of Bangladesh. And company’s share is considered as â⠂¬ËœBlue Chip’ at both the stock exchanges. BPL Pharmaceuticals is the stand out market leader with a market share of 19. 3%and domestic revenues of BDT 11. 2 billion in the four quarters from April 2009 to March 2010. Because of its dominating presence throughout the country, BPL has enjoyed steady growth in sales volume. Cost of sales as percentage of sales has also been declining gradually over the year, improving gross margin. . 2(c) Domestic Rivals: As we said before BPL Pharmaceuticals stands at number three in terms of market share of 8. 4% and domestic revenues of BDT 8,860. 3 MM in the four quarters from April 2009 to March 2010. BPL’s nearest competitors are Incepta Pharmaceuticals and SPL Pharmaceuticals with market shares of 8. 5% and 19. 2% respectively. Incepta and SPL had BDT 4. 9 billion and BDT 11 billion in domestic sales for the last four  quarters. Although a number of MNCs are operational in Bangladesh, no MNC is among the top ten in terms of dom estic sales.Between two top rivals we consider BPL to be our arch rival though their market share is almost half compared to ours but here we have tried to find out there position in the market. Here’s market study of BPL: If we analyze the present market condition of BPL we can clearly see that it is in a good position. 2. 3 Demand condition In Bangladesh we have huge demand for its products. The demand of local market has helped us to build a strong customer base and gave us the strength to go for international market. The huge demand of our market leaded us to produce large volume of product.The medicines we are producing now are given bellow: 2. 3(a) Products Category: BPL offers a range of pharmaceutical products (400 types of medicine), which include 1. Tablets 2. Capsules 3. Suppositories 4. Injections 5. Liquids 6. Spray, Drops, Ointment, Cream and Powder 7. Oral Dry Powders. 8. Dry Powder Inhalers 9. Metered Dose Inhalers 2. 3(b) Types of Customer: By maintaining the quality we set our price conveniently for the mass population of  Bangladesh. We never compromise about our drugs quality thus we acquire the thrust of  our customer. 2. 3(c) Present Market status:Besides Bangladesh demand of international market driven us to supply our product in these markets †¢ Europe: UK; †¢ Asia: Afghanistan, Bhutan, Cambodia, Hong Kong, Iraq, Macau, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, The Philippines, Vietnam, Yemen; †¢ Africa: Comoros Islands, Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania; †¢ South America: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala And these are the market under there exploration: †¢ Asia: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Laos, Maldives, Mongolia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, UAE; Africa: Algeria, Botswana, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa; †¢ South America: Jam aica, Chili 2. 3(d) CSR activities: Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is one of the signatory of UN Global Compact in Bangladesh. Our CSR activities helped us to increase our demand. Some examples of our  activities are: †¢ BPL supports global business community to uphold social issues in businessoperations and being convinced of the benefits which will accrue out of voluntaryadherence to universally recognized social values in transaction of businesses. †¢BPL regularly interacts with the underprivileged segment of the societydirectly or through different NGOs. †¢ The Company assists the HIV positive/AIDS patients in gaining better access tomedicine through donation of AIDS medicine to local NGOs. †¢ BPL has donated two ambulances to Pabna Municipal Corporation ; IshwardiMunicipal Corporation for public use. 2. 4 Factors of Endowments: (both basic and advance) 2. 4(a) Basic factors: Basic factors like natural resources, climate geography demography everything is in our  favor in Bangladesh to produce and provide quality health care. . 4 (b) Advance factors condition: In the discussion bellow we tried to describe the advance factors condition of our  company at present. 2. 4. b. (1) R and D department: Beximco has a strong reverse engineering. It has made a collaborative research agreement with Ciba Specialty Chemicals of Switzerland in proprietary research. In formulation R;D, it focuses principally on developing new formulations, predominantly through reverse engineering. BPL also focuses on simplifying manufacturing processes and improving cost efficiency.Its growing innovation is evident from successful launching of a number of cutting-edge products (for example, Oseltamivir capsules for bird ; swine flu treatments, ARVs, anti-cancer products etc. ) advanced formulations like multi-layer tablets, sustained release formulations, dispersible tablets, chewable vitamins etc. With considerable experience in MDI formulations, BPL’s R;D team has successfully developed a range of CFC-free HFA MDIs. In addition, BPL is also developing a number of APIs to ensure availability of raw materials across the range of therapeutic classes.Beximco Pharma has also signed agreements for collaborative research with leading international API manufacturers to strengthen its API pipeline in order to fully capitalize the WTO patent opportunity. 2. 4. b(2) Human recourse: Strategic Human Resource Development Programs are the energy sources for BPLHR for running towards the peak of success. BPL employs more than 2,400 staff, including over 300 qualified professionals such as pharmacists, chemists, microbiologists, engineers, doctors etc. BPL is the third largest pharmaceutical manufacturing company in Bangladesh with net sales of BDT 4. 7 million, according to the 2009 annual report. We believe in company growth by increasing efficiency level of  employees and for that offering excellent environment and support for skill and knowled ge up gradation. Our HR department– ensures the strong supporting role to develop & implement HR policy guidelines for ensuring uninterrupted operation and spontaneous participation to achieve organizational objective as well as fulfillment of employee needs. – maintain an effective way to deal with labor union and still no unrest has been recorded as dispute. 2. 4. b(3) Raw materials:We are proud to say that we are capable of producing raw materials for our own medicines. Some info about our firm’s capability of production is given bellow :(a) API unit: Established in 1992 and commercial production started in 1995. It is presently the largest quality-bulk drugs manufacturer in the country producing international standard bulk pharmaceuticals to satisfy more than hundred pharmaceutical companies throughout the country. b) Factory plants: BPL Pharmaceuticals has invested in state of the art formulation plants aligned to regulated market standards.Four plants base d on the Dhaka site can produce  pharmaceutical products to the highest GMP specifications. These four plants are: †¢ General plant (approved by MHRA) †¢ Cephalosporin plant (quality systems aligned to MHRA requirements, plant being  prepared for EU regulatory agencies and FDA inspections) †¢ BFS plant (quality systems aligned to MHRA requirements, plant being prepared for EU regulatory agencies and FDA inspections) †¢ Biotech (insulin) plant under construction These plants have been designed by internationally recognized firms and equipped with the best machines that can currently be found on the European and US markets.BPL Pharmaceuticals has also created quality systems and SOPs according to FDA and EU regulatory agencies specifications 2. 4. b(4) Distribution system: It has one of the largest distribution channels in the pharmaceutical industry. The sales force of Beximco, led by a large number of â€Å"medical representatives†, is one of the most aggressive among all local manufacturers. This ensures that BPL’s products always have a considerably large outreach. 2. 4. b (5) Technology: Beximco Pharma has always been a pioneer in adopting innovative technologies that introduced both sophistication and scale in the business processes.The company’s focus on technology is intended to take the company to a standard which would match with other top global generic pharma companies. BPL is the pioneer company from Bangladesh in introducing technology driven (specialty) products in local and international markets. Such specialty products include: – Inhalation aerosols, including Ozone-benign HFA MDIs – Suppositories – Nasal sprays Beximco Pharma has shown its capability in the past by installing state-of-the-art MDI plant and IV fluid plant in collaboration with Pamasol, Switzerland and Pharmaplan, Germany, a sister concern of Fresenius AG, Germany. 2. Related and supporting industry: Related and su pporting industries like Hospitals and health centers Healthcare  professionals Insurance and public health bodies Retail pharmacies and stores diagnosticcenters etc are available to support our business firm. In 2006 the total number of hospitals in Bangladesh was 1683. Of these 1683 hospitals, 678 were government hospitals and 1005 were non-governmental 2. 6 The condition of two external factors: Chance and Government: BPL have enough chance and government support throughout our company life. The  prove of it is the rate of our market share and growth in our country.Though we have some restriction from government about the advertising of our medicine in the media but except that we have our governments’ full support where we need it. 2. 7 Overall analysis of the company position based on porter’s diamond: Why Beximco Pharma is doing well ? The answer lies in the Porter’s diamond as we can see from our report the entire element that make a successful indust ries are there in the market. It has strong supporting industries that help us to stay firmly in its feet. It has got all the factors endowment both basic and advanced.It got a study demand and customer base. And last but not the list its strategies structure is strong enough to face out rivals bluntly. Though we know BPL got strong competition in the market but the pace they are moving we know we are strong enough to any kind threat no matter from where it’s coming from. Factors of Endowments (both basic and advanced) Factors of Endowments (both basic and advanced) Related and Supporting Industries Related and Supporting Industries Demand conditions Demand conditions Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry Firm Strategy, Structure, and RivalryLog Frame: Intervention Logic| Objectively verifiable indicators| Source of Verification| Factors of Endowments-Basic Factors-Advanced Factors -communication Distribution System -Skill Labor Human Resource-Research -RnD-Technology| -Avail ability ofNatural resources, climate geography demography is in favor. It has one of the biggest distribution systems in Bangladesh. 2,400 staff, including over 300 qualified professionals such as pharmacists, chemists, microbiologists, engineers, doctors etc. Oseltamivir capsules for bird ; swine flu treatments, ARVs, anti-cancer products etc. advanced formulations like multi-layer tablets, sustained release formulations, dispersible tablets, chewable vitamins etc. – Inhalation aerosols, including Ozone benign HFA MDIs – Suppositories – Nasal sprays-Installing state-of-the-art MDI plant and IV fluid plant in collaboration with Pamasol, Switzerland and Pharmaplan, Germany, a sister concern of Fresenius AG, Germany. | World BankAnnual Report 2011Annual Report 2011Annual Report 2011Annual Report 2011| Firm Structure, Strategy, and Rivalry-Structure-Strategy-Rivalry| Corporate Governance -mandatory training on Company’s Code of Conduct. BPL like the other St rategic Business Units (SBU-collective bargaining. -diversity and fair treatment in the recruiting process -diversity and equal employment opportunity-Top quality health care products at the least cost reaching the lowest rungs -Highest return and growth of shareholders assets. -Best compensation to all the employees. -Best co-operation of the creditors ; debtors the banks ;financial institutions. -Supporting the Government through payment of entire range of due taxes, duties, and claim to various public agencies-Rivalry among existing firms is intense. Incepta Pharmaceuticals and SPL Pharmaceuticals with market shares of 8. 5% and 19. 2% respectively. | Annual Report 2011World Bank| Demand Condition| -Huge demand of local market -large volume of product -Range of pharmaceutical products and 400 types of medicine. -Maintaining the quality setting the price conveniently. Exports: Europe: UK;Asia, Africa, South America| World Bank| Related And Supportive Industries| In 2006 the total number of hospitals in Bangladesh was 1683. Of these 1683 hospitals, 678 were government hospitals and 1005 were non-governmental. Wikipedia| Chapter 3 Conclusion: BPL Pharmaceuticals Ltd, as part of a progressive business group, believes that the advancement of good health occurs not only through the innovation, production and distribution of its products, but also through the creation and preservation of a healthy environment. Transparency is a core value of BPL Pharmaceuticals Ltd and other  SBUs of the Group and is strictly followed at every step of the business process. BPL Pharmaceuticals Limited has extended her range of services towards the highway of global market.We believe the way we are leading towards our goal soon we will be known as one of the top leading pharmaceutical company on the world 3. 2 Recommendations After analyze the whole report we can recommend that – †¢ We have to give more emphasis on the technological support to compete in global market because after 2016 the TRIPS agreement will expire. †¢ Should pursue the government to established export cell to promote export of  pharmaceuticals to grab and capitalized the huge export opportunity in LDCs. †¢ R;D activities of the company have to be improved if it wants to compete with global players. Patent Law, which is valid up to 2016 for Least Developed Countries like Bangladesh. After 2016 the advantage enjoyed by Bangladesh will evaporate so to face that condition we have to prepare our selves. †¢ Though we have our own API plant still we have to import the API equipment’s  but we should try to produce our own API requirement. 3. 3 References: We used these references to prepare our study: †¢ International Business by Charles W. L. Hill †¢ www. BPLpharma. com. bd †¢ www. beximco – pharma . com .World bank

Free Essays on Commentary On What They Were Like

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